THE MINERAL SIDERITE
- Chemistry: FeCO3, Iron Carbonate.
- Class: Carbonate.
- Group: Calcite.
- Uses: A minor ore of iron and as mineral specimens.
- Specimens
Siderite is named for the Greek word for iron,
sideros.
The word siderite is used in a number of rarer minerals and except in the fact that they all contain iron,
they are otherwise unrelated to siderite.
They include:
Alumopharmacosiderite,
arseniosiderite,
barium-alumopharmacosiderite,
barium-pharmacosiderite,
chalcosiderite,
erythrosiderite,
pharmacosiderite,
phosphosiderite and
sodiumpharmacosiderite.
A variety of siderite forming sphericules is known as
sphaerosiderite.
Siderite forms a series with the closely related minerals
rhodochrosite,
MnCO3 and
magnesite,
MgCO3.
These minerals can have some substitution of their metal ions and the cutoff between them and siderite is at 50% iron.
Sometimes variety names are given to intermediate members of these minerals such as mangansiderite for an iron rich rhodochrosite or magniosiderite for a magnesium rich siderite.
But this can be confusing.
Siderite is roughly the equivalent of
calcite
but with iron replacing the calcium.
The iron has little effect on most structural properties such as cleavage and crystal form; but does effect properties such as density, color, hardness and electro-chemical properties.
Siderite is fairly easy to distinguish from calcite by its higher specific gravity and hardness and less vigorous reaction to acids.
It can be difficult to distinguish from
dolomite however.
Siderite and calcite can form similar crystal habits, although siderite is far less diverse.
The typical habit for siderite is the
rhombohedron.
Most of the time crystals are found in the standard rhomb shape but noticeably flattened rhombs and rhombs with curved surfaces are also well known.
Other typical habits include the
scalahedron, crusts, sphericules, concretions and complicated botyroidal masses.
Siderite forms mostly in sedimentary and hydrothermal environments, although it is also found in some igneous pegmatites.
Siderite is a common mineral although excellent, attractive crystal specimens are sometimes hard to find.
But many crystals, when colorfully iridescent, make a wonderful, colorful, satiny, shimmering mineral specimen.
The iridescence is probably caused by a surface alteration to the iron oxide,
goethite.
Further alteration of siderite crystals can result in pseudomorphs.
The amorphous iron oxide
limonite, forms
pseudomorphs
that are complete replacements of siderite crystals.
Siderite can be a nice collection mineral.
It comes in just enough of a variety of crystal forms and colors that make collecting this mineral very interesting.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
- Color is gray, yellow, yellowish brown, greenish-brown, reddish brown and brown.
Some specimens show an iridescence probably caused by surface alteration to
goethite.
- Luster is vitreous to pearly or silky in some specimens.
- Transparency: Crystals are usually translucent or virtually opaque.
- Crystal System is trigonal; bar 3 2/m.
- Crystal Habits are commonly curved rhombohedrons that are sometimes flattened to appear bladed, rarely scalahedral.
Many aggregate forms are also found such as botryoidal, sphericules (sphaerosiderite), concretionary, stalactitic, vein-filling and earthy.
- Cleavage is perfect in 3 directions forming rhombs.
- Fracture is conchoidal to uneven.
- Hardness is fairly variable going from 3.5 - 4.5.
- Specific Gravity is 3.9+ (relatively heavy)
- Streak is white.
- Other Characteristics: Becomes magnetic when heated, effervesces slightly in contact with strong acids or with warm acids.
- Associated Minerals include iron
sulfides and
quartz,
cerussite,
ankerite,
dolomite,
goethite,
cryolite,
limonite,
barite,
pyrite and
sphalerite.
- Notable Occurrences are numerous and include the Harz Mountains, Germany;
several mines in Cornwall, England as well as
Peru; Biera Baixa, Portugal; Tatasi, Bolivia; Minas Gerais, Brazil; Lorraine, France;
Bohemia, Czech Republic; Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia; Tsumeb, Otavi, Namibia;
the mines of Franklin,
New Jersey; San Bernardino County, California; Flambeau Mine, Ladysmith, Wisconsin,
Antler Mine, Arizona
and Connecticut, USA and Rapid Creek, Yukon Territory; Francon Quarry, Montreal and
Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada.
- Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, slight reaction to acids, cleavage, color and higher than average density.